Estonia’s mix of coastal meadows, pine forests and wetlands makes it a surprising home for cold-tolerant reptiles. Walks in sunnier spots during spring and summer often reveal basking snakes or quick-moving lizards that have adapted to the north.
There are 7 Reptiles of Estonia, ranging from Common Adder to Viviparous Lizard. For each species you’ll find below the Scientific name,Conservation status,Typical length (cm), so you can quickly compare identification and protection notes—you’ll find below.
Where in Estonia am I most likely to spot these reptiles?
Look for reptiles on sunny south-facing slopes, forest clearings, and along pond edges from spring into early autumn; the Common Adder prefers heath and forest margins, while the Viviparous Lizard favors grassier, warmer patches. Move quietly, watch for basking individuals, and always maintain a respectful distance.
Are any of these species protected or of conservation concern?
Yes—several species are monitored and legally protected, with some showing local declines due to habitat loss and drainage; check Estonia’s conservation listings and local guidelines before interacting, and support habitat-friendly practices like leaving dead wood and maintaining native shorelines.
Reptiles of Estonia
| Name | Scientific name | Conservation status | Typical length (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common Adder | Vipera berus | LC (IUCN); Estonian Category III (Protected) | 50-60 |
| Grass Snake | Natrix natrix | LC (IUCN); Estonian Category III (Protected) | 75-120 |
| Viviparous Lizard | Zootoca vivipara | LC (IUCN); Estonian Category III (Protected) | 12-16 |
| Sand Lizard | Lacerta agilis | LC (IUCN); Estonian Category II (Strictly Protected) | 18-22 |
| Slow Worm | Anguis fragilis | LC (IUCN); Estonian Category III (Protected) | 30-45 |
| Smooth Snake | Coronella austriaca | LC (IUCN); Estonian Category I (Strictly Protected) | 50-70 |
| European Pond Turtle | Emys orbicularis | NT (IUCN); Estonian Category I (Strictly Protected) | 15-20 |
Images and Descriptions
Common Adder
Estonia’s only venomous snake, recognized by the dark zigzag pattern along its back. It prefers sunny bogs, heaths, and forest edges. Though its bite requires medical attention, this shy reptile is not aggressive and will only strike as a last resort when threatened.
Grass Snake
A large, harmless snake, frequently found near wetlands, ponds, and rivers. It’s easily identified by a distinct yellow, white, or orange collar behind its head. An excellent swimmer, it primarily hunts frogs and will often play dead or release a foul smell if handled.
Viviparous Lizard
The most widespread reptile in Estonia, found in habitats from gardens to forests. Unlike most lizards, it gives birth to live young. This small, fast-moving lizard is typically brownish-grey and can detach its tail to escape from predators like birds and cats.
Sand Lizard
A stocky, robust lizard found in dry, sandy areas in southern and western Estonia. Breeding males are a spectacular sight with their bright green flanks. Its populations are much more localized than the Viviparous Lizard, making habitat protection crucial for its survival.
Slow Worm
Often mistaken for a snake, this is actually a legless lizard. Key differences include its ability to blink with eyelids and shed its tail. It’s a harmless, secretive creature that feeds on slugs and worms, commonly found in gardens and damp woodlands.
Smooth Snake
Estonia’s rarest snake, this elusive, non-venomous constrictor is a high conservation priority. It’s smaller than a Grass Snake and lacks the Adder’s zigzag, having instead paired dark spots along its back. It inhabits warm, dry heathlands in very limited western locations.
European Pond Turtle
This is Estonia’s only native turtle species, and it is critically endangered locally. A few small, isolated populations cling on in southern Estonia. It has a dark, smooth shell often flecked with yellow, and requires clean, slow-moving water bodies for survival.
